‘Winter chill’ for British manufacturers as output falls
And across the Channel: Britain’s manufacturing sector also reported declining output.
The UK manufacturing purchasing managers’ index (PMI) fell to an 11-month low of 47.0 in December, down from 48.0 in November and below the earlier flash estimate of 47.3, according to S&P Global. The PMI has remained below its neutral mark of 50.0 – signalling deterioration – in each of the past three months.
There was a downturn at big companies but – in a worrying sign for the government – it was deepest among small and mid-sized companies.
Rob Dobson, a director at S&P Global Market Intelligence, said:
Manufacturers are facing an increasingly downbeat backdrop. Business sentiment is now at its lowest for two years, as the new government’s rhetoric and announced policy changes dampen confidence and raise costs at UK factories and their clients alike. SMEs are being especially hard hit during the latest downturn.
This is sending a winter chill through the labour market. December saw the sharpest cuts to staffing levels since February. Some companies are acting now to restructure operations in advance of the rises in employer national insurance and minimum wage levels in 2025.
Britain’s manufacturers reported falling activity in December. Photograph: S&P Global
Key events
Electric cars made up nine in 10 new car sales in Norway in 2024
Electric cars charging in the cold weather in Norway, the country with the highest proportion of electric cars in the world. Photograph: Silje Ekern/Alamy
Nine out of ten new cars sold in Norway last year were powered by battery only, as the country approaches the feat of becoming the first to completely ditch petrol and diesel sales.
Norway is aiming to completely phase out sales of cars with petrol and diesel engines by 2025. The latest data from the Norwegian Road Federation suggest that it is well on track.
Heavy subsidies – funded by Norway’s wealth from drilling oil – have incentivised Norway’s rapid transition to electric cars where other countries have lagged behind. Yet the country’s achievement has also shown what is possible in terms of providing the infrastructure to make the switch practical for millions of people. Electric cars outnumber petrol cars in the country.
Christina Bu, head of the Norwegian EV association, said:
Norway will be the first country in the world to pretty much erase petrol and diesel engine cars from the new car market.
The top bar of this graph shows that pure electric cars made up 89% of Norway’s new car sales in 2024. Benzin translates to petrol. Photograph: OFV
It is a gloomy picture of the UK manufacturing sector, with most of the forward-looking indicators in the PMI showing less confidence in the future.
But 2025 should have something more positive in store, according to Pantheon Macroeconomics, a consultancy. Elliott Jordan-Doak, a senior UK economist at the company, said:
Despite the weakness in the manufacturing PMI in December, we think that it will steadily improve in 2025.
Businesses have been rocked by domestic policy changes in the form of NICs hikes, and external shocks in the form of the threat of a global trade war. But the budgetary plans are for more spending than taxation, which will mechanically lift the PMI.
What’s more, the focus on investment in the budget should help the manufacturing sector. The MPC will also cut rates in 2025, which will reduce borrowing costs for firms and should boost sentiment. We expect three cuts in 2025, one more than the market is currently priced for.
The UK manufacturing PMI does not paint a rosy picture of the sector. S&P Global has a litany of things holding it back: “subdued domestic market sentiment, customer destocking, efforts to prevent inventory building up at manufacturers’ own warehouses and the impact of weaker demand from European clients.”
It is not in the gift of the UK government to help with some of that, but S&P Global also reported that some companies have cut back on purchasing because of “the higher cost environment, sometimes linked to restructuring operations in advance of forthcoming rises in labour costs and payroll taxes.”
‘Winter chill’ for British manufacturers as output falls
And across the Channel: Britain’s manufacturing sector also reported declining output.
The UK manufacturing purchasing managers’ index (PMI) fell to an 11-month low of 47.0 in December, down from 48.0 in November and below the earlier flash estimate of 47.3, according to S&P Global. The PMI has remained below its neutral mark of 50.0 – signalling deterioration – in each of the past three months.
There was a downturn at big companies but – in a worrying sign for the government – it was deepest among small and mid-sized companies.
Rob Dobson, a director at S&P Global Market Intelligence, said:
Manufacturers are facing an increasingly downbeat backdrop. Business sentiment is now at its lowest for two years, as the new government’s rhetoric and announced policy changes dampen confidence and raise costs at UK factories and their clients alike. SMEs are being especially hard hit during the latest downturn.
This is sending a winter chill through the labour market. December saw the sharpest cuts to staffing levels since February. Some companies are acting now to restructure operations in advance of the rises in employer national insurance and minimum wage levels in 2025.
Britain’s manufacturers reported falling activity in December. Photograph: S&P Global
Europe’s manufacturers reported a further drop in activity in December, according to the final reading of the purchasing managers’ index (PMI).
The index dropped to 45.1 in December, down from 45.2 in November and a three-month low, according to data company S&P Global. That was well below the 50 mark that indicates growth in the sector.
There was significant regional variation. Here’s what S&P Global had to say:
Countries located in the south continued to outperform, with Spain and Greece showing stronger improvements in manufacturing sector conditions. Expansions here were more than offset, however, by the big-three of Germany, France and Italy, which all posted deteriorations once again. Most notable was France, which saw its manufacturing PMI sink to its lowest level since May 2020.
The Eurozone manufacturing purchasing managers’ index (PMI) suggests that European industrial production is not yet on the way to recovery. Photograph: S&P Global
Cyrus de la Rubia, chief economist at Hamburg Commercial Bank, which sponsors the survey, said:
Even in December, the manufacturing sector is not delivering any holiday cheer. It is the same old story – downward. New orders have dropped even more than in the previous two months, crushing any hopes for a quick recovery. This view is backed by the accelerated decline in order backlogs.
A Co-operative Bank sign. The bank has been bought by Coventry Building Society. Photograph: Kirsty O’Connor/PA
Coventry Building Society has completed the purchase of the Co-operative Bank, after a £780m deal agreed with its former hedge fund owners.
The new owners will hope to firmly end the era of turmoil for the Co-op Bank following an accounting scandal that left a £1.5bn black hole. Its reputation also suffered when the bank’s former chair Paul Flowers, a former Labour councillor and Methodist church minister nicknamed the “Crystal Methodist”, pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine, crystal meth and ketamine in 2014.
Coventry, the UK’s second-largest building society, has left the way open for the end of the Co-op Bank brand. The bank split off from the wider Co-op group after the accounting scandal.
European gas prices rise after Ukraine ends Russian pipeline deal
A worker at a Ukrainian gas station at Volovets in western Ukraine, before the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Photograph: Pavlo Palamarchuk/AP
European gas prices have risen as traders wait to see if Ukraine’s move to cut off Russian gas will prompt a quicker drawdown of stores.
Bloomberg News reported that benchmark front-month European gas prices rose as much as 4.3% to €51 a megawatt-hour, the highest since October 2023.
A deal to pipe Russian gas through a Ukrainian pipeline had survived through three years of war between the two countries. However, Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, said in a post on social media that the country had inflicted “one of Moscow’s biggest defeats” by finally cutting off sales.
Russia’s Gazprom said it had stopped sending gas at 5am GMT on Wednesday.
The effects of the cut-off on prices are not immediately clear because Europe has scrambled to replace its supply of gas, including via imports from the US. Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the share of Russian gas on the European market has dropped from about 35% to about 8%, as European countries sought to diversify supplies.
Henry Allen, a strategist at Deutsche Bank, said:
Now it’s worth bearing in mind that prices are still well beneath their levels seen throughout the entirety of 2022, but European gas storage ended 2024 at its lowest year-end level in three years, and the recent increase in prices is set to add further to inflationary pressures.
UK house prices rise at fastest rate in two years
Mark Sweney
House prices rose for a fourth consecutive month in December, ending 2024 on a “strong footing” with the cost of an average home hitting £269,426, according to Nationwide.
The building society’s monthly tracker found prices rose 0.7% in December on the previous month, with the annual increase in the value of a typical UK home up 4.7%.
Annual UK house price growth accelerated in December to its fast rate in more than two years, according to Nationwide Photograph: Nationwide
Robert Gardner, Nationwide’s chief economist, said that despite the strong end to the year, the price of an average home still remained below the all-time high set in summer 2022. He said:
Mortgage market activity and house prices proved surprisingly resilient in 2024 given the ongoing affordability challenges facing potential buyers.
It was encouraging that activity levels in the housing market increased over the course of 2024 with the number of mortgages approved for house purchase each month rising above pre-pandemic levels towards the end of the year.
It’s a more positive start to the new year on Europe’s stock markets than in Asia.
EURO STOXX INDEX UP 0.1%; EURO ZONE BLUE CHIPS UP 0.1%
Trump tariff threat to trade overshadows new year in Chinese factories
Good morning and happy new year! Welcome to our first business live blog of 2025, covering business, economics and financial markets as ever.
It’s a new year, but likely a familiar feeling for many as investors and executives around the world contemplate the impending start of another term in the White House for Donald Trump.
Chinese factory data published on Thursday suggest that the prospect of a renewed trade war will harm them. Factory activity in the world’s second-largest economy continued to expand during December, according to data company Caixin’s purchasing managers’ index (PMI). However, the index, at 50.5 points, came in lower than the 51.7 expected by economists polled by Reuters.
The weak manufacturing data appeared to contribute to a sell-off on Chinese stock markets. The Shanghai Stock Exchange composite index dropped by 2.7% on Thursday, while Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index fell by 2.1%. Japan’s Nikkei also fell by 1%.
China’s yuan also hit its lowest in more than a year against the US dollar in offshore trading. The yuan fell to a 14-month low of 7.31 for every dollar.
The trade outlook played a role in the drop in the manufacturing PMI. Business confidence dropped to the lowest since September amid “concerns about the outlooks for growth and trade, especially amidst the US tariffs threat”, according to Caixin.
Wang Zhe, senior economist at Caixin Insight Group, said:
Exports dragged on demand amid mounting uncertainties stemming from the overseas economic environment and global trade. The corresponding indicator was in contractionary territory for the fourth time in the past five months.
Business optimism weakened. Concerns among surveyed companies focused on the economic recovery outlook and the trade conflict between China and the US. Future output expectations continued to grow, but the gauge dropped by more than three points from November.
Meanwhile, the Financial Times’s annual survey of economists around the world has also flagged concerns that Trump’s protectionism will dent growth. The survey of 220 economists found that the president-elect’s policies are expected to slow growth and spur inflation.
The agenda
9am GMT: Eurozone manufacturing purchasing managers’ index (PMI) (December final reading; previous: 45.2 points; consensus: 45.2 points)
9:30am GMT: UK manufacturing PMI (December final reading; prev.: 48; consensus: 47.3)
